# 37. General utilities <stdlib.h>¶

The header <stdlib.h> declares five types and several functions of general utility, and defines several macros.

The types declared are size_t and wchar_t (both described in Common definitions <stddef.h>),

div_t

which is a structure type that is the type of the value returned by the div function,

ldiv_t

which is a structure type that is the type of the value returned by the ldiv function, and

lldiv_t

which is a structure type that is the type of the value returned by the lldiv function.

The macros defined are NULL (described in Common definitions <stddef.h>);

EXIT_FAILURE

and

EXIT_SUCCESS

which expand to integer constant expressions that can be used as the argument to the exit function to return unsuccessful or successful termination status, respectively, to the host environment;

RAND_MAX

which expands to an integer constant expression that is the maximum value returned by the rand function; and

MB_CUR_MAX

which expands to a positive integer expression with type size_t that is the maximum number of bytes in a multibyte character for the extended character set specified by the current locale (category LC_CTYPE), which is never greater than MB_LEN_MAX.

## 37.1. Numeric conversion functions¶

The functions atof, atoi, atol and atoll need not affect the value of the integer expression errno on an error. If the value of the result cannot be represented, the behavior is undefined.

### 37.1.1. The atof function¶

Synopsis

#include <stdlib.h>
double atof(const char *nptr);


Description

The atof function converts the initial portion of the string pointed to by nptr to double representation. Except for the behavior on error, it is equivalent to

strtod(nptr, (char **)NULL)


Returns

The atof function returns the converted value.

Forward references: the strtod, strtof and strtold functions (The strtod, strtof and strtold functions).

### 37.1.2. The atoi, atol and atoll functions¶

Synopsis

#include <stdlib.h>
int atoi(const char *nptr);
long int atol(const char *nptr);
long long int atoll(const char *nptr);


Description

The atoi, atol and atoll functions convert the initial portion of the string pointed to by nptr to int, long int and long long int representation, respectively.

Except for the behavior on error, they are equivalent to

atoi: (int)strtol(nptr, (char **)NULL, 10)
atol: strtol(nptr, (char **)NULL, 10)
atoll: strtoll(nptr, (char **)NULL, 10)


Returns

The atoi, atol and atoll functions return the converted value.

Forward references: the strtol, strtoll, strtoul and strtoull functions (The strtol, strtoll, strtoul and strtoull functions).

### 37.1.3. The strtod, strtof and strtold functions¶

Synopsis

#include <stdlib.h>
double strtod(const char * restrict nptr, char ** restrict endptr);
float strtof(const char * restrict nptr,  char ** restrict endptr);
long double strtold(const char * restrict nptr, char ** restrict endptr);


Description

The strtod, strtof and strtold functions convert the initial portion of the string pointed to by nptr to double, float and long double representation, respectively. First, they decompose the input string into three parts: an initial, possibly empty, sequence of white-space characters (as specified by the isspace function), a subject sequence resembling a floating-point constant or representing an infinity or NaN; and a final string of one or more unrecognized characters, including the terminating null character of the input string. Then, they attempt to convert the subject sequence to a floating-point number, and return the result.

The expected form of the subject sequence is an optional plus or minus sign, then one of the following:

• a nonempty sequence of decimal digits optionally containing a decimal-point character, then an optional exponent part as defined in Floating Constants;
• a 0x or 0X, then a nonempty sequence of hexadecimal digits optionally containing a decimal-point character, then an optional binary exponent part as defined in Floating Constants;
• INF or INFINITY, ignoring case
• NAN or NAN ($$n-char-sequence_opt$$), ignoring case in the NAN part,

The subject sequence is defined as the longest initial subsequence of the input string, starting with the first non-white-space character, that is of the expected form. The subject sequence contains no characters if the input string is not of the expected form.

If the subject sequence has the expected form for a floating-point number, the sequence of characters starting with the first digit or the decimal-point character (whichever occurs first) is interpreted as a floating constant according to the rules of Floating Constants, except that the decimal-point character is used in place of a period, and that if neither an exponent part nor a decimal-point character appears in a decimal floating point number, or if a binary exponent part does not appear in a hexadecimal floating point number, an exponent part of the appropriate type with value zero is assumed to follow the last digit in the string. If the subject sequence begins with a minus sign, the sequence is interpreted as negated. [1] A character sequence INF or INFINITY is interpreted as an infinity, if representable in the return type, else like a floating constant that is too large for the range of the return type. A character sequence NAN or NAN ($$n-char-sequence_opt$$), is interpreted as a quiet NaN, if supported in the return type, else like a subject sequence part that does not have the expected form; the meaning of the n-char sequences is implementation-defined. [2] A pointer to the final string is stored in the object pointed to by endptr, provided that endptr is not a null pointer.

If the subject sequence has the hexadecimal form and FLT_RADIX is a power of 2, the value resulting from the conversion is correctly rounded.

In other than the “C” locale, additional locale-specific subject sequence forms may be accepted.

If the subject sequence is empty or does not have the expected form, no conversion is performed; the value of nptr is stored in the object pointed to by endptr, provided that endptr is not a null pointer.

Recommended practice

If the subject sequence has the hexadecimal form, FLT_RADIX is not a power of 2, and the result is not exactly representable, the result should be one of the two numbers in the appropriate internal format that are adjacent to the hexadecimal floating source value, with the extra stipulation that the error should have a correct sign for the current rounding direction.

If the subject sequence has the decimal form and at most DECIMAL_DIG (defined in <float.h>) significant digits, the result should be correctly rounded. If the subject sequence $$D$$ has the decimal form and more than DECIMAL_DIG significant digits, consider the two bounding, adjacent decimal strings $$L$$ and $$U$$, both having DECIMAL_DIG significant digits, such that the values of $$L, D$$ and $$U$$ satisfy $$L \leq D \leq U$$. The result should be one of the (equal or adjacent) values that would be obtained by correctly rounding $$L$$ and $$U$$ according to the current rounding direction, with the extra stipulation that the error with respect to $$D$$ should have a correct sign for the current rounding direction. [3]

Returns

The functions return the converted value, if any. If no conversion could be performed, zero is returned. If the correct value is outside the range of representable values, plus or minus HUGE_VAL, HUGE_VALF or HUGE_VALL is returned (according to the return type and sign of the value), and the value of the macro ERANGE is stored in errno. If the result underflows (Treatment of error conditions), the functions return a value whose magnitude is no greater than the smallest normalized positive number in the return type; whether errno acquires the value ERANGE is implementation-defined.

 [1] It is unspecified whether a minus-signed sequence is converted to a negative number directly or by negating the value resulting from converting the corresponding unsigned sequence (see F.5); the two methods may yield different results if rounding is toward positive or negative infinity. In either case, the functions honor the sign of zero if floating-point arithmetic supports signed zeros.
 [2] Implementation may use the n-char sequence to determine extra information to be represented in the NaN’s significand.
 [3] DECIMAL_DIG, defined in , should be sufficiently large that $$L$$ and $$U$$ will usually round to the same internal floating value, but if not will round to adjacent values.

### 37.1.4. The strtol, strtoll, strtoul and strtoull functions¶

Synopsis

#include <stdlib.h>
long int strtol(const char * restrict nptr, char ** restrict endptr, int base);
long long int strtoll(const char * restrict nptr, char ** restrict endptr, int base);
unsigned long int strtoul(const char * restrict nptr, char ** restrict endptr, int base);
unsigned long long int strtoull(const char * restrict nptr, char ** restrict endptr, int base);


Description

The strtol, strtoll, strtoul and strtoull functions convert the initial portion of the string pointed to by nptr to long int, long long int, unsigned long int and unsigned long long int representation, respectively. First, they decompose the input string into three parts: an initial, possibly empty, sequence of white-space characters (as specified by the isspace function), a subject sequence resembling an integer represented in some radix determined by the value of base, and a final string of one or more unrecognized characters, including the terminating null character of the input string. Then, they attempt to convert the subject sequence to an integer, and return the result.

If the value of base is zero, the expected form of the subject sequence is that of an integer constant as described in Integer Constants, optionally preceded by a plus or minus sign, but not including an integer suffix. If the value of base is between 2 and 36 (inclusive), the expected form of the subject sequence is a sequence of letters and digits representing an integer with the radix specified by base, optionally preceded by a plus or minus sign, but not including an integer suffix. The letters from a (or A) through z (or Z) are ascribed the values 10 through 35; only letters and digits whose ascribed values are less than that of base are permitted. If the value of base is 16, the characters 0x or 0X may optionally precede the sequence of letters and digits, following the sign if present.

The subject sequence is defined as the longest initial subsequence of the input string, starting with the first non-white-space character, that is of the expected form. The subject sequence contains no characters if the input string is empty or consists entirely of white space, or if the first non-white-space character is other than a sign or a permissible letter or digit.

If the subject sequence has the expected form and the value of base is zero, the sequence of characters starting with the first digit is interpreted as an integer constant according to the rules of Integer Constants. If the subject sequence has the expected form and the value of base is between 2 and 36, it is used as the base for conversion, ascribing to each letter its value as given above. If the subject sequence begins with a minus sign, the value resulting from the conversion is negated (in the return type). A pointer to the final string is stored in the object pointed to by endptr, provided that endptr is not a null pointer.

In other than the “C” locale, additional locale-specific subject sequence forms may be accepted.

If the subject sequence is empty or does not have the expected form, no conversion is performed; the value of nptr is stored in the object pointed to by endptr, provided that endptr is not a null pointer.

Returns

The strtol, strtoll, strtoul and strtoull functions return the converted value, if any. If no conversion could be performed, zero is returned. If the correct value is outside the range of representable values, LONG_MIN, LONG_MAX, LLONG_MIN, LLONG_MAX, ULONG_MAX or ULLONG_MAX is returned (according to the return type and sign of the value, if any), and the value of the macro ERANGE is stored in errno.

## 37.2. Pseudo-random sequence generation functions¶

### 37.2.1. The rand function¶

Synopsis

#include <stdlib.h>
int rand(void);


Description

The rand function computes a sequence of pseudo-random integers in the range 0 to RAND_MAX.

The implementation shall behave as if no library function calls the rand function.

Returns

The rand function returns a pseudo-random integer.

Environmental limits

The value of the RAND_MAX macro shall be at least 32767.

### 37.2.2. The srand function¶

Synopsis

#include <stdlib.h>
void srand(unsigned int seed);


Description

The srand function uses the argument as a seed for a new sequence of pseudo-random numbers to be returned by subsequent calls to rand. If srand is then called with the same seed value, the sequence of pseudo-random numbers shall be repeated. If rand is called before any calls to srand have been made, the same sequence shall be generated as when srand is first called with a seed value of 1.

The implementation shall behave as if no library function calls the srand function.

Returns

The srand function returns no value.

EXAMPLE The following functions define a portable implementation of rand and srand.

static unsigned long int next = 1;
int rand(void)
// RAND_MAX assumed to be 32767
{
next = next * 1103515245 + 12345;
return (unsigned int)(next/65536) % 32768;
}
void srand(unsigned int seed)
{
next = seed;
}


## 37.3. Memory management functions¶

The order and contiguity of storage allocated by successive calls to the calloc, malloc and realloc functions is unspecified. The pointer returned if the allocation succeeds is suitably aligned so that it may be assigned to a pointer to any type of object and then used to access such an object or an array of such objects in the space allocated (until the space is explicitly deallocated). The lifetime of an allocated object extends from the allocation until the deallocation. Each such allocation shall yield a pointer to an object disjoint from any other object. The pointer returned points to the start (lowest byte address) of the allocated space. If the space cannot be allocated, a null pointer is returned. If the size of the space requested is zero, the behavior is implementation- defined: either a null pointer is returned, or the behavior is as if the size were some nonzero value, except that the returned pointer shall not be used to access an object.

### 37.3.1. The calloc function¶

Synopsis

#include <stdlib.h>
void *calloc(size_t nmemb, size_t size);


Description

The calloc function allocates space for an array of nmemb objects, each of whose size is size. The space is initialized to all bits zero. [4]

Returns

The calloc function returns either a null pointer or a pointer to the allocated space.

 [4] Note that this need not be the same as the representation of floating-point zero or a null pointer constant.

### 37.3.2. The free function¶

Synopsis

#include <stdlib.h>
void free(void *ptr);


Description

The free function causes the space pointed to by ptr to be deallocated, that is, made available for further allocation. If ptr is a null pointer, no action occurs. Otherwise, if the argument does not match a pointer earlier returned by the calloc, malloc or realloc function, or if the space has been deallocated by a call to free or realloc, the behavior is undefined.

Returns

The free function returns no value.

### 37.3.3. The malloc function¶

Synopsis

#include <stdlib.h>
void *malloc(size_t size);


Description

The malloc function allocates space for an object whose size is specified by size and whose value is indeterminate.

Returns

The malloc function returns either a null pointer or a pointer to the allocated space.

### 37.3.4. The realloc function¶

Synopsis

#include <stdlib.h>
void *realloc(void *ptr, size_t size);


Description

The realloc function deallocates the old object pointed to by ptr and returns a pointer to a new object that has the size specified by size. The contents of the new object shall be the same as that of the old object prior to deallocation, up to the lesser of the new and old sizes. Any bytes in the new object beyond the size of the old object have indeterminate values.

If ptr is a null pointer, the realloc function behaves like the malloc function for the specified size. Otherwise, if ptr does not match a pointer earlier returned by the calloc, malloc or realloc function, or if the space has been deallocated by a call to the free or realloc function, the behavior is undefined. If memory for the new object cannot be allocated, the old object is not deallocated and its value is unchanged.

Returns

The realloc function returns a pointer to the new object (which may have the same value as a pointer to the old object), or a null pointer if the new object could not be allocated.

## 37.4. Communication with the environment¶

### 37.4.1. The abort function¶

Synopsis

#include <stdlib.h>
void abort(void);


Description

The abort function causes abnormal program termination to occur, unless the signal SIGABRT is being caught and the signal handler does not return. Whether open streams with unwritten buffered data are flushed, open streams are closed, or temporary files are removed is implementation-defined. An implementation-defined form of the status unsuccessful termination is returned to the host environment by means of the function call raise(SIGABRT).

Returns

The abort function does not return to its caller.

### 37.4.2. The atexit function¶

Synopsis

#include <stdlib.h>
int atexit(void (*func)(void));


Description

The atexit function registers the function pointed to by func, to be called without arguments at normal program termination.

Environmental limits

The implementation shall support the registration of at least 32 functions.

Returns

The atexit function returns zero if the registration succeeds, nonzero if it fails.

Forward references: the exit function (The exit function).

### 37.4.3. The exit function¶

Synopsis

#include <stdlib.h>
void exit(int status);


Description

The exit function causes normal program termination to occur. If more than one call to the exit function is executed by a program, the behavior is undefined.

First, all functions registered by the atexit function are called, in the reverse order of their registration, [5] except that a function is called after any previously registered functions that had already been called at the time it was registered. If, during the call to any such function, a call to the longjmp function is made that would terminate the call to the registered function, the behavior is undefined.

Next, all open streams with unwritten buffered data are flushed, all open streams are closed, and all files created by the tmpfile function are removed.

Finally, control is returned to the host environment. If the value of status is zero or EXIT_SUCCESS, an implementation-defined form of the status (successful termination* is returned. If the value of status is EXIT_FAILURE, an implementation-defined form of the status unsuccessful termination is returned. Otherwise the status returned is implementation-defined.

Returns

The exit function cannot return to its caller.

 [5] Each function is called as many times as it was registered, and in the correct order with respect to other registered functions.

### 37.4.4. The _Exit function¶

Synopsis

#include <stdlib.h>
void _Exit(int status);


Description

The _Exit function causes normal program termination to occur and control to be returned to the host environment. No functions registered by the atexit function or signal handlers registered by the signal function are called. The status returned to the host environment is determined in the same way as for the exit function (The exit function). Whether open streams with unwritten buffered data are flushed, open streams are closed, or temporary files are removed is implementation-defined.

Returns

The _Exit function cannot return to its caller.

### 37.4.5. The getenv function¶

Synopsis

#include <stdlib.h>
char *getenv(const char *name);


Description

The getenv function searches an environment list, provided by the host environment, for a string that matches the string pointed to by name. The set of environment names and the method for altering the environment list are implementation-defined.

The implementation shall behave as if no library function calls the getenv function.

Returns

The getenv function returns a pointer to a string associated with the matched list member. The string pointed to shall not be modified by the program, but may be overwritten by a subsequent call to the getenv function. If the specified name cannot be found, a null pointer is returned.

### 37.4.6. The system function¶

Synopsis

#include <stdlib.h>
int system(const char *string);


Description

If string is a null pointer, the system function determines whether the host environment has a command processor. If string is not a null pointer, the system function passes the string pointed to by string to that command processor to be executed in a manner which the implementation shall document; this might then cause the program calling system to behave in a non-conforming manner or to terminate.

Returns

If the argument is a null pointer, the system function returns nonzero only if a command processor is available. If the argument is not a null pointer, and the system function does return, it returns an implementation-defined value.

## 37.5. Searching and sorting utilities¶

These utilities make use of a comparison function to search or sort arrays of unspecified type. Where an argument declared as size_t nmemb specifies the length of the array for a function, nmemb can have the value zero on a call to that function; the comparison function is not called, a search finds no matching element, and sorting performs no rearrangement. Pointer arguments on such a call shall still have valid values, as described in Use of Library Functions.

The implementation shall ensure that the second argument of the comparison function (when called from bsearch), or both arguments (when called from qsort), are pointers to elements of the array. [6] The first argument when called from bsearch shall equal key.

The comparison function shall not alter the contents of the array. The implementation may reorder elements of the array between calls to the comparison function, but shall not alter the contents of any individual element.

When the same objects (consisting of size bytes, irrespective of their current positions in the array) are passed more than once to the comparison function, the results shall be consistent with one another. That is, for qsort they shall define a total ordering on the array, and for bsearch the same object shall always compare the same way with the key.

A sequence point occurs immediately before and immediately after each call to the comparison function, and also between any call to the comparison function and any movement of the objects passed as arguments to that call.

 [6] That is, if the value passed is p, then the following expressions are always nonzero: ((char *)p - (char *)base) % size == 0 (char *)p >= (char *)base (char *)p < (char *)base + nmemb * size

### 37.5.1. The bsearch function¶

Synopsis

#include <stdlib.h>
void *bsearch(const void *key, const void *base,
size_t nmemb, size_t size,
int (*compar)(const void *, const void *));


Description

The bsearch function searches an array of nmemb objects, the initial element of which is pointed to by base, for an element that matches the object pointed to by key. The size of each element of the array is specified by size.

The comparison function pointed to by compar is called with two arguments that point to the key object and to an array element, in that order. The function shall return an integer less than, equal to, or greater than zero if the key object is considered, respectively, to be less than, to match, or to be greater than the array element. The array shall consist of: all the elements that compare less than, all the elements that compare equal to, and all the elements that compare greater than the key object, in that order. [7]

Returns

The bsearch function returns a pointer to a matching element of the array, or a null pointer if no match is found. If two elements compare as equal, which element is matched is unspecified.

 [7] In practice, the entire array is sorted according to the comparison function.

### 37.5.2. The qsort function¶

Synopsis

#include <stdlib.h>
void qsort(void *base, size_t nmemb, size_t size,
int (*compar)(const void *, const void *));


Description

The qsort function sorts an array of nmemb objects, the initial element of which is pointed to by base. The size of each object is specified by size.

The contents of the array are sorted into ascending order according to a comparison function pointed to by compar, which is called with two arguments that point to the objects being compared. The function shall return an integer less than, equal to, or greater than zero if the first argument is considered to be respectively less than, equal to, or greater than the second.

If two elements compare as equal, their order in the resulting sorted array is unspecified.

Returns

The qsort function returns no value.

## 37.6. Integer arithmetic functions¶

### 37.6.1. The abs, labs and llabs functions¶

Synopsis

#include <stdlib.h>
int abs(int j);
long int labs(long int j);
long long int llabs(long long int j);


Description

The abs, labs and llabs functions compute the absolute value of an integer j. If the result cannot be represented, the behavior is undefined. [8]

Returns

The abs, labs and llabs functions return the absolute value.

### 37.6.2. The div, ldiv and lldiv functions¶

Synopsis

#include <stdlib.h>
div_t div(int numer, int denom);
ldiv_t ldiv(long int numer, long int denom);
lldiv_t lldiv(long long int numer, long long int denom);


Description

The div, ldiv and lldiv functions compute numer / denom and numer % denom in a single operation.

Returns

The div, ldiv and lldiv functions return a structure of type div_t, ldiv_t and lldiv_t, respectively, comprising both the quotient and the remainder. The structures shall contain (in either order) the members quot (the quotient) and rem (the remainder), each of which has the same type as the arguments numer and denom. If either part of the result cannot be represented, the behavior is undefined.

 [8] The absolute value of the most negative number cannot be represented in two’s complement.

## 37.7. Multibyte/wide character conversion functions¶

The behavior of the multibyte character functions is affected by the LC_CTYPE category of the current locale. For a state-dependent encoding, each function is placed into its initial conversion state by a call for which its character pointer argument, s, is a null pointer. Subsequent calls with s as other than a null pointer cause the internal conversion state of the function to be altered as necessary. A call with s as a null pointer causes these functions to return a nonzero value if encodings have state dependency, and zero otherwise. [9] Changing the LC_CTYPE category causes the conversion state of these functions to be indeterminate.

 [9] If the locale employs special bytes to change the shift state, these bytes do not produce separate wide character codes, but are grouped with an adjacent multibyte character.

### 37.7.1. The mblen function¶

Synopsis

#include <stdlib.h>
int mblen(const char *s, size_t n);


Description

If s is not a null pointer, the mblen function determines the number of bytes contained in the multibyte character pointed to by s. Except that the conversion state of the mbtowc function is not affected, it is equivalent to

mbtowc((wchar_t *)0, s, n);


The implementation shall behave as if no library function calls the mblen function.

Returns

If s is a null pointer, the mblen function returns a nonzero or zero value, if multibyte character encodings, respectively, do or do not have state-dependent encodings. If s is not a null pointer, the mblen function either returns 0 (if s points to the null character), or returns the number of bytes that are contained in the multibyte character (if the next n or fewer bytes form a valid multibyte character), or returns -1 (if they do not form a valid multibyte character).

Forward references: the mbtowc function (The mbtowc function).

### 37.7.2. The mbtowc function¶

Synopsis

#include <stdlib.h>
int mbtowc(wchar_t * restrict pwc, const char * restrict s, size_t n);


Description

If s is not a null pointer, the mbtowc function inspects at most n bytes beginning with the byte pointed to by s to determine the number of bytes needed to complete the next multibyte character (including any shift sequences). If the function determines that the next multibyte character is complete and valid, it determines the value of the corresponding wide character and then, if pwc is not a null pointer, stores that value in the object pointed to by pwc. If the corresponding wide character is the null wide character, the function is left in the initial conversion state.

The implementation shall behave as if no library function calls the mbtowc function.

Returns

If s is a null pointer, the mbtowc function returns a nonzero or zero value, if multibyte character encodings, respectively, do or do not have state-dependent encodings. If s is not a null pointer, the mbtowc function either returns 0 (if s points to the null character), or returns the number of bytes that are contained in the converted multibyte character (if the next n or fewer bytes form a valid multibyte character), or returns -1 (if they do not form a valid multibyte character).

In no case will the value returned be greater than n or the value of the MB_CUR_MAX macro.

### 37.7.3. The wctomb function¶

Synopsis

#include <stdlib.h>
int wctomb(char *s, wchar_t wc);


Description

The wctomb function determines the number of bytes needed to represent the multibyte character corresponding to the wide character given by wc (including any shift sequences), and stores the multibyte character representation in the array whose first element is pointed to by s (if s is not a null pointer). At most MB_CUR_MAX characters are stored. If wc is a null wide character, a null byte is stored, preceded by any shift sequence needed to restore the initial shift state, and the function is left in the initial conversion state.

The implementation shall behave as if no library function calls the wctomb function.

Returns

If s is a null pointer, the wctomb function returns a nonzero or zero value, if multibyte character encodings, respectively, do or do not have state-dependent encodings. If s is not a null pointer, the wctomb function returns -1 if the value of wc does not correspond to a valid multibyte character, or returns the number of bytes that are contained in the multibyte character corresponding to the value of wc.

In no case will the value returned be greater than the value of the MB_CUR_MAX macro.

## 37.8. Multibyte/wide string conversion functions¶

The behavior of the multibyte string functions is affected by the LC_CTYPE category of the current locale.

### 37.8.1. The mbstowcs function¶

Synopsis

#include <stdlib.h>
size_t mbstowcs(wchar_t * restrict pwcs, const char * restrict s, size_t n);


Description

The mbstowcs function converts a sequence of multibyte characters that begins in the initial shift state from the array pointed to by s into a sequence of corresponding wide characters and stores not more than n wide characters into the array pointed to by pwcs. No multibyte characters that follow a null character (which is converted into a null wide character) will be examined or converted. Each multibyte character is converted as if by a call to the mbtowc function, except that the conversion state of the mbtowc function is not affected.

No more than n elements will be modified in the array pointed to by pwcs. If copying takes place between objects that overlap, the behavior is undefined.

Returns

If an invalid multibyte character is encountered, the mbstowcs function returns (size_t)(-1). Otherwise, the mbstowcs function returns the number of array elements modified, not including a terminating null wide character, if any. [10]

### 37.8.2. The wcstombs function¶

Synopsis

#include <stdlib.h>
size_t wcstombs(char * restrict s, const wchar_t * restrict pwcs, size_t n);


Description

The wcstombs function converts a sequence of wide characters from the array pointed to by pwcs into a sequence of corresponding multibyte characters that begins in the initial shift state, and stores these multibyte characters into the array pointed to by s, stopping if a multibyte character would exceed the limit of n total bytes or if a null character is stored. Each wide character is converted as if by a call to the wctomb function, except that the conversion state of the wctomb function is not affected.

No more than n bytes will be modified in the array pointed to by s. If copying takes place between objects that overlap, the behavior is undefined.

Returns

If a wide character is encountered that does not correspond to a valid multibyte character, the wcstombs function returns (size_t)(-1). Otherwise, the wcstombs function returns the number of bytes modified, not including a terminating null character, if any. [10]

 [10] The array will not be null-terminated if the value returned is n.